Preview

Arctic and Innovations

Advanced search

Prospects for deep processing of baddeleyite concentrate in the context of global scandium market

https://doi.org/10.21443/3034-1434-2025-3-4-47-56

Abstract

This article presents a  comprehensive analysis of the prospects for deep processing of baddeleyite concentrate from the Kovdor deposit (Russia), which is of importance in the context of the growing global scandium market. At present, the Russian rare metals industry is characterized by a paradox. On the one hand, the country enjoys significant scandium resources contained in various types of deposits and remains a supplier of raw materials to the global market. On the other hand, domestic production of  scandium is limited. The conducted cost assessment of valuable components in baddeleyite concentrate based on current market data showed that the potential revenue from processing one ton of raw material could reach 1.62 million US dollars. Processing depth was found to be the key factor of economic efficiency, which creates a gap in the value of the final product of over one million US dollars per ton of concentrate. The strategic feasibility of establishing closed-loop technological cycles for processing baddeleyite concentrate in Russia is substantiated. This aligns with the development priorities of the Russian Arctic Zone in terms of ensuring technological sovereignty in the field of rare and rare-earth metals.

About the Authors

Andrey O. Kalashnikov
Murmansk Arctic University
Russian Federation

Andrey O. Kalashnikov — Сand. Sci. (Geol.-Mineral.), Director of the Engineering School 

SCOPUS AuthorID: 36910721300

ResearcherID: D-1532-2018

RSCI AuthorID: 178980

Tel.: +7 (921) 035-50-56



Konstantin P. Danilin
Luzin Institute for Economic Studies of the Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation

Konstantin P. Danilin — Research Intern

SCOPUS AuthorID: 58020282100

ResearcherID: IAM-5239-2023

RSCI AuthorID: 1149979

Tel.: +7 (900) 937-99-82

184209, Murmansk Oblast, Apatity, Fersmana str., 14

 



Vladimir V. Dyadik
Luzin Institute for Economic Studies of the Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation

Vladimir V. Dyadik — Cand. Sci. (Economics), Senior Researcher

SCOPUS AuthorID: 57222556400

RSCI AuthorID: 727025

Tel.: +7 921 277 03 45

184209, Murmansk Oblast, Apatity, Fersmana str., 14



References

1. U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022. Report. Reston, Virginia; 2022. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2022

2. State Report on the State and Use of Mineral Resources of the Russian Federation in 2023 [internet]. Moscow; 2024. Available at: https://www.mnr.gov.ru/docs/o_sostoyanii_i_ispolzovanii_mineralno_syrevykh_resursov_rossiyskoy_federatsii/gosudarstvenny_doklad_o_sostoyani_i_ispolzovanii_mineralno_syrevykh_resursov_rossiyskoy_federatsii/.

3. Asian Metal [internet]. Available at: https://www.asianmetal.com/.

4. Liu Y., Naidu R. Hidden values in bauxite residue (red mud): Recovery of metals. Waste management. 2014;34(12):2662–2673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.003

5. Mudd G.M., Jowitt S.M., Werner T.T. The world’s by-product and critical metal resources part I: Uncertainties, current reporting practices, implications and grounds for optimism. Ore Geology Reviews. 2016;86:924–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.05.001

6. Ochsenku-Petropoulou M.T., Hatzilyberis K.S., Mendrinos L.N., Salmas C.E. Pilot-Plant Investigation of the Leaching Process for the Recovery of Scandium from Red Mud. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2002;41(23):5794–5801. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie011047b

7. Wang W., Pranolo Y., Cheng C.Y. Recovery of scandium from synthetic red mud leach solutions by solvent extraction with D2EHPA. Separation and Purification Technology. 2013;108:96– 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.02.001

8. Zhou H., Li D., Tian Y., Chen Y. Extraction of scandium from red mud by modified activated carbon and kinetics study. Rare Metals. 2008;27(3):223–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0521(08)60119-9

9. Bykhovsky L.Z., Arkhangelskaya V.V., Tiganov L.P., Anufrieva S.I. Development potentialities of the scandium resource base and production in Russia and other cis countries. Mineral Resources of Russia. Economics and Management. 2007;(5):27–32. (In Russ.).

10. Zhu Z., Pranolo Y., Cheng C.Y. Separation of uranium and thorium from rare earths for rare earth production — A review. Minerals Engineering. 2015;77:185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.03.012

11. Wang W., Pranolo Y., Cheng C.Y. Metallurgical processes for scandium recovery from various resources: A review. Hydrometallurgy. 2011;108(1–2):100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. hydromet.2011.03.001

12. Williams-Jones A.E., Vasyukova O. V. The Economic Geology of Scandium, the Runt of the Rare Earth Element Litter. Economic Geology. 2018;113(4):973–988. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2018.4579

13. Pirozhenko K.Yu. Sorption extraction of scandium from in-situ leaching return solutions of uranium [internet]. Moscow: National University of Science and Technology MISIS; 2016. (In Russ.).

14. Chakhmouradian A.R., Smith M.P., Kynicky J. From “strategic” tungsten to “green” neodymium: A century of critical metals at a glance. Ore Geology Reviews. 2015;64:455–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.06.008

15. Scandium Canada Ltd. Crater Lake [internet]. Avalable at: https://scandium-canada.com/crater-lake/ (accessed 12 November 2025).

16. Tolstov A.V., Gunin A.P. Comprehensive evaluation of Tomtor ore deposits. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Series: Geology. 2001;(11):144–160. (In Russ.).

17. Gusev A.I., Gusev N.I. Magmatism and mineralization of the Kumir ore field, Gorny Altai. Rudy i metally = Ores and Metals. 2009;(6):21–28. (In Russ.).

18. Kalashnikov A.O., Yakovenchuk V.N., Pakhomovsky Y.A., Bazai A.V., Sokharev V.A., Konopleva N.G., Mikhailova J.A., Goryainov P.M., Ivanyuk G.Y. Scandium of the Kovdor baddeleyite–apatite–magnetite deposit (Murmansk Region, Russia): Mineralogy, spatial distribution, and potential resource. Ore Geology Reviews. 2016;72(Part 1):532–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.08.017

19. Afanasyev B.V. Mineral resources of the alkaline-ultramafic massifs of the Kola Peninsula. St. Petersburg: Roza Vetrov; 2011. (In Russ.).

20. Ivanyuk G.Y., Kalashnikov A.O., Pakhomovsky Y.A., Mikhailova J.A., Yakovenchuk V.N., Konopleva N.G., Sokharev V.A., Bazai A.V., Goryainov P.M. Economic minerals of the Kovdor baddeleyiteapatite-magnetite deposit, Russia: mineralogy, spatial distribution and ore processing optimization. Ore Geology Reviews. 2016;77:279–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.02.008

21. Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2025: Approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 207-r of February 13, 2019 [internet]. Available at: Moscow: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/31593409eddf606620f49806c6ece205/130219_207-p.pdf. (In Russ.).


Review

For citations:


Kalashnikov A.O., Danilin K.P., Dyadik V.V. Prospects for deep processing of baddeleyite concentrate in the context of global scandium market. Arctic and Innovations. 2025;3(4):47-56. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21443/3034-1434-2025-3-4-47-56

Views: 110


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 3034-1434 (Online)