Unified ecosystem monitoring program for Federal-level protected areas in the Murmansk Oblast, Russia, along an industrial pollution gradient (2025–2027)
E. A. Borovichev,
M. N. Kozhin,
T. A. Sukhareva,
P. M. Terentjev,
N. V. Polikarpova,
E. L. Tolmacheva,
N. L. Alfertev https://doi.org/10.21443/3034-1434-2026-4-2-17-39
Abstract
Rapid industrial development in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation, home to major mining and metallurgical operations, has intensified the need for systematic environmental monitoring. This article presents a unified ecosystem monitoring program developed for implementation in 2025–2027 across the Pasvik Nature Reserve, the Lapland Nature Reserve, and the Murmansk Tundra Reserve. The program follows internationally recognized biodiversity assessment frameworks and uses a hierarchical system of indicators, attributes, and variables. It covers key components of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, including vegetation, protected native species, invasive alien species, birds, mammals, and aquatic biota. A major focus is the harmonization of field and analytical protocols to ensure that data collected along gradients of industrial pollution are scientifically comparable and verifiable. The program provides a robust foundation for biodiversity conservation, reduction of anthropogenic impacts, and adaptive natural resource management in the Russian Arctic.
About the Authors
E. A. Borovichev
Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute named after N.A. Avrorin, Federal Research Centre Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Eugene A. Borovichev — Cand. Sci. (Biology), Deputy Director General of Research
184209, Murmansk Region, Apatity, Akademgorodok, 18A.
Scopus ID: 55834961100
Researcher ID: U-9117-2017
Тeл.: +7 (815) 556-33-50
M. N. Kozhin
Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute named after N.A. Avrorin, Federal Research Centre Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Mikhail N. Kozhin ‒ Cand. Sci. (Biology), Leading Research Scientist
184209, Murmansk Region, Apatity, Akademgorodok, 18A.
Scopus ID: 54401367100
Researcher ID: AAG-9409-2019
T. A. Sukhareva
Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Federal Research Centre Kola Science Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Tatyana A. Sukhareva — Cand. Sci. (Biology), Head of the laboratory of terrestrial ecosystems, Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems
184209, Murmansk region, Apatity, Akademgorodok, 14A.
Scopus ID: 55918629900
Researcher ID: J-1100-2018
Tel.: +7 (815) 557-97 79
P. M. Terentjev
Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Federal Research Centre Kola Science Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Petr M. Terentjev — Cand. Sci. (Biology), Head of the laboratory of water ecosystems, Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems
184209, Murmansk Region, Apatity, Akademgorodok, 14A.
Scopus ID: 59157933200
Researcher ID: K-3164-2018
Tel.: +7 (815) 557-97 79
N. V. Polikarpova
Pasvik Nature Reserve
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Natalia V. Polikarpova — Cand. Sci. (Geography), Director
184421 Nikel Murmansk Region, Gvardeysky Avenue, 43B.
Scopus ID: 54892721300
Researcher ID: F-1493-2014
Tel.: +7 (815) 545-07-00
E. L. Tolmacheva
Kandalaksha Nature Reserve
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Ekaterina L. Tolmacheva — Cand. Sci. (Biology), Deputy Director of Research
184042, Murmansk Region, Kandalaksha, Lineynaya str., 35.
Scopus ID: 57324299200
Tel.: +7 (815) 339-22-50
N. L. Alfertev
Lapland Nature Reserve
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Nikolay L. Alfertev — Deputy Director of Research
184506, Murmansk Region, Monchegorsk, Zeleny lane, 8
Tel.: +7 (921) 034-70-89
References
1. Makarov D.V., Borovichev E.A., Klyuchnikova E.M., Masloboev V.A. Environmental protection and sustainable development of the mining industry in Murmansk Region, Russia. Vestnik of MSTU. 2020;23(1):63–71. https://doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2020-23-1-63-71
2. Aksenova O.V., Bocharnikov V.N., Borovichev E.A., Danilov A.F., Denisov D.B., Zatsarinny I.V., et al. Nature and the indigenous population of the Arctic under the influence of climate change and industrial development: Murmansk region. Moscow: Grafit Publ.; 2020. (In Russ.).
3. Lukina N.V., Nikonov V.V. The state of spruce biogeocenoses under conditions of technogenic pollution. Apatity: Kola Science Centre Publisher; 1993. (In Russ.).
4. Lukina N.V., Sukhareva T.A., Isaeva L.G. Technogenic Digressions and Restorative Successions in Northern Taiga Forests. Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 2005. (In Russ.).
5. Sukhareva T.A. Elemental composition of woody plant leaves under conditions of technogenic pollution. Chemistry for Sustainable Development. 2012;(3):369–376. (In Russ.).
6. Ershov V., Ryabov N., Sukhareva T. The link between stemflow chemistry and forest canopy condition under industrial air pollution. Forests. 2026;17(1):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17010147
7. Moiseenko T.I., Dauval’ter V.A., Lukin A.A., Kudryavtseva L.P., Il’yashchuk B.P., Il’yashchuk L.I. Anthropogenic modifications of the Lake Imandra ecosystem. Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 2002. (In Russ.).
8. Dauvalter V.A. Geoeology of Lake Bottom Sediments. Murmansk: Publishing House of the Murmansk State Technical University; 2012. (In Russ.).
9. Dauvalter V.A., Sandimirov S.S., Denisov D.B., Demin V.I., Kashulin N.A., Terentyev P.M., et al. Ecological State of Lake Imandra. Vol. 1: Hydrological and geochemical conditions. Apatity: Kola Science Centre Publisher; 2023. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37614/978.5.91137.484.6
10. Denisov D.B., Valkova S.A., Dauvalter V.A., Koroleva I.M., Razumovskaya A.V., Terentyev P.M., et al. Limnological Research at the Institute of Industrial Ecology of the North of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2020;(6-19):68–86 (In Russ.).
11. Denisov D.B., Kashulin N.A., Terentyev P.M., Valkova S.A. Modern trends in the change of biota of freshwater ecosystems of the Murmansk region. Vestnik MGTU. Proceedings of the Murmansk State Technical University. 2009;12(3):525–538. (In Russ.).
12. Kashulin N.A., Dauvalter V.A., Denisov D.B., Valkova S.A., Vandysh O.I., Terentyev P.M., Kashulin A.N. Some Aspects of the Current State of Freshwater Resources in the Murmansk Region. Vestnik MGTU. Proceedings of the Murmansk State Technical University. 2013;16(1):98–107. (In Russ.).
13. Kashulin N.A., Dauvalter V.A., Denisov D.B., Valkova S.A., Vandysh O.I., Terentyev P.M., Zubova E.M., Koroleva I.M., Kosova A.L., Cherepanov A.A. Comprehensive Studies of Freshwater Ecosystems in Fennoscandia. Proceedings of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2018;9(9-6):34–86. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25702/KSC.2307-5252.2018.9.9.34-86
14. Kashulin N.A., Denisov D.B., Valkova S.A., Vandysh O.I., and Terentyev P.M. Modern Trends in the Changes of Freshwater Ecosystems in the Euro-Arctic Region. Proceedings of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2012;(3):7–54. (In Russ.).
15. Masloboev V.A., Borovichev E.A., Valkova S.A., Vokueva S.I., Gilyazov A.S., Dauvalter V.A., et al. Ecosystems in the Kola NPP area (Murmansk region): Current State. Apatity: Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”; 2024. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37614/978.5.91137.525.6
16. Lukina N.V., Nikonov V.V. Biogeochemical cycles in Northern forests under conditions of aerotechnogenic pollution. Part 1. Apatity: Kola Science Centre Publisher; 1996. (In Russ.).
17. Ershov V.V., Isaeva L.G., Sukhareva T.A., Urbanavichyus G.P., Ivanova E.A., Belova E.A. Organisation of monitoring studies of the state of northern taiga forests on the territory of the Lapland Reserve. Herald of the Kola Science Centre of the RAS. 2021;13(2):34–42. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37614/2307-5228.2021.13.2.004
18. Isaeva L.G., Sukhareva T.A.., Borovichev E.A., Urbanavichyus G.P., Khimich Yu.R., Zenkova I.V., et al. Study and protection of terrestrial ecosystems in the Murmansk region). Proceedings of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2018;9(9-6):6–33. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25702/KSC.2307-5252.2018.9.9.6-33
19. Sukhareva T.A., Ershov V.V., Ivanova E.A., Shtabrovskaya I.M., Alfertyev N.L., Zhivov D.A., Ryabov N.S. Biogeochemical monitoring of pine forests in the Lapland Nature Reserve (Murmansk Region). Transactions of the Kola Science Centre of RAS. Series: Natural Sciences and Humanities. 2025;4(3):127–144. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37614/2949-1185.2025.4.3.008
20. Sukhareva T.A., Ershov V.V., Isaeva L.G., Ivanova E.A., Zenkova I.V., Ryabov N.S., Shtabrovskaya I.M. Long-term data of integrated ecological and biogeochemical monitoring of forest ecosystems in the Lapland Nature Reserve. Certificate of Database Registration RU № 2024624519 от 17.10.2024. (In Russ.).
21. Ershov V.V., Sukhareva T.A., Isaeva L.G., Ivanova E.A., Zhivov D.A., Ryabov N.S. Chemical composition of various components of forest ecosystems in the northwestern part of the Kola Peninsula. Certificate of Database Registration RU № 2025623970 от 23.09.2025. (In Russ.).
22. Ershov V.V., Lukina N.V., Orlova M.A., Isaeva L.G., Smirnov V.E., Gorbacheva T.T. Assessment of the dynamics of the composition of soil water in the north-taiga forests in the context of reducing aero-technogenic pollution caused by emissions from a copper-nickel plant. Sibirskiy Ekologicheskiy Zhurnal = Contemporary Problems of Ecology. 2019;(1):119–132. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15372/SEJ20190110
23. Sukhareva T.A., Ershov V.V., Isaeva L.G., Shkondin M.A. Assessment of the state of the northern taiga forests in the context of reducing industrial emissions by the Severonikel smelter. Tsvetnye Metally. 2020;(8):33–41. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17580/tsm.2020.08.05
24. Sukhareva T.A., Ershov V.V., Ivanova E.A. The Content of Heavy Metals and Sulfur in Forest Ecosystems in the Pechenganikel Smelter's Zone of Impact Due to the Reduction of Atmospheric Emissions. Forest Science. 2025;(1):106–123. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.7868/S3034535925010094
25. Ershov V., Sukhareva T., Isaeva L., Ivanova E., Urbanavichus G. Pollution-induced changes in the composition of atmospheric deposition and soil waters in coniferous forests at the northern tree line. Sustainability. 2022;14:15580. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315580
26. Urbanavichus G.P., Borovichev E.A., Ershov V.V. Cryptogamic organisms as pioneers of the northern taiga recovery affected under the conditions of lowered industrial air pollution. Forest Science. 2021;(2):195–207. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0024114821020108
27. Dauvalter V.A., Kashulin N.A. Assessment of the Ecological State of the Arctic Freshwater System Based on Concentrations of Heavy Metals in the Bottom Sediments. Geochemistry International. 2018;56(8):842–856. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702918080037
28. Denisov D.B., Barinova S.S. Algal diversity and ecological variables in the arctic lakes of the Kola peninsula, Russian North. Issues of Modern Algology. 2015;(2):4.
29. Kashulin N.A., Dauvalter V.A., Denisov D.B., Valkova S.A., Vandysh O.I., Terentjev P.M., Kashulin A.N. Selected aspects of the current state of freshwater resources in the Murmansk Region, Russia. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 2017;52(9):921–929. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1318633
30. Borovichev E.A., Boychuk M.A. Mohoobraznye zapovednika «Pasvik». Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2018. (In Russ.).
31. Urbanavichus G.P., Fadeeva M.A. Lichen flora of the Pasvik2 Nature Reserve: diversity, distribution, ecology, and protection. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2018. (In Russ.).
32. Zatsarinny I.V., Bolshakov A.A., Buzun V.A., Makarova O.A., Polikarpova N.V., Kataev G.D., et al. Vertebrate Animals of the Pasvik Nature Reserve. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2018. (In Russ.).
33. Kravchenko A.V. Vascular Plants of the Pasvik Nature Reserve and the Adjacent Territory of Murmansk Region. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2020. (In Russ.).
34. Golubkina N., Sheshnitsan S., Koshevarov A., Plotnikova U., Sosna E., Lapchenko V., et al. Bioavailable Forms of Heavy Metals and Se in Soil in the Vicinity of the Pechenganikel Smelting Plant and the Relationship with Mineral Composition and Antioxidant Status of Biocrusts. Standards. 2025;5(4):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/standards5040028
35. Khlebosolova O.A., Sosna E.M., Bystrov A.A. Collection of phenological and other data on regenerative successions on technogenic wastelands (Nikel, Murmansk Region). In: Nature Conservation and Citizen Science: Proceedings of the III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Phenological Conf. (September 9-12, 2025, Nikel, Murmansk Region, Pasvik State Nature Reserve). Moscow: KMK Scientific Publications Partnership; 2025, pp. 103–108. Moscow: KMK Scientific Publishing House; 2025, pp. 103–108. (In Russ.).
36. Melnikov E.Yu., Slesareva E.A., Smolyakova D.S., Valova E.V., Bolshakov A.V., Polikarpova N.V. Rare Bird Species of the Pasvik Nature Reserve in the Trapping of the Varlam Island Station. Amurskii Zoologicheskii Zhurnal = Amur Zoological Journal. 2025;XVII(1):56–65. (In Russ.).
37. Melnikov E.Yu., Slesareva E.A., Smolyakova D.S., Polikarpova N.V. Migration movements of passerine birds in the river valley. The groove in the summer-autumn period (according to the Varlama Island hospital. Russian Journal of Applied Ecology. 2025;(3):18–22. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24852/2411-7374.2025.3.18.22
38. Smolyakova D.S., Melnikov E.Yu., Slesareva E.A., Polikarpova N.V. Results of studies of the autumn flight of birds of the thrush family (Turdidae) in the valley of the Paz River of the Pasvik Nature Reserve. Izvestiya of Saratov University. Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2025;25(4):469–476. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2025-25-4-469-476
39. Berlina N.G., Kostina V.A. Vascular plant flora of the Lapland Nature Reserve: annotated list. In: Proceedings of the Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Moscow: Pero Publ.; 2012, iss. 6, pp. 112–198. (In Russ.).
40. Urbanavichus G.P., Urbanavichene I.N., Melekhin A.V. Lichen Flora of the Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Annotated List). Apatity: Kola Science Centre Publisher; 2013. (In Russ.).
41. Borovichev E.A. Annotated list of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) of the Lapland Nature Reserve. In: Proceedings of the Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Apatity: Federal Research Centre «Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; 2019, pp. 30–65. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25702/KSC.978-5-91137-392-4.30-65
42. Belkina O.A., Andreeva E.N., Likhachev A.Yu. Materials on the Flora of Mosses in the Lapland Nature Reserve. In: Proceedings of the Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Apatity: Federal Research Centre «Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; 2019, pp. 66–118. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25702/KSC.978-5-91137-392-4.66-118
43. Osipov D.V. Spiders (Aranei) of the Lapland Nature Reserve. In: Proceedings of the Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Apatity: Federal Research Centre «Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences»; 2019, pp. 119–194. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25702/KSC.978-5-91137-392-4.119-194
44. Yankovsky A.V. Blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of the Lapland State Biosphere Nature Reserve, with description of a new species of the genus Argentisimulium Rubzov et Yankovsky, 1982. Entomological Review. 2006;86(2):240–246. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0013873806020114
45. Dmitriev D.A. Cicadina (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) of the Kola Peninsula basing mainly on the material collected in the Lapland Biosphere Nature Reserve. Denisia. (N.F.). 2002;4(176):339–348.
46. Kataev G.D. Fauna and Ecology of Mammals (Rodentia, Insectivora) of Lapland. St. Petersburg: VVM Publishing House; 2021. (In Russ.).
47. Vladimirova N.V., Novgorodova T.A., Chueva N.V. Communities of Armored Mites (ACARI:ORIBATIDA) in the Lapland Nature Reserve (Murmansk Region). Sibirskiy Ekologicheskiy Zhurnal = Contemporary Problems of Ecology. 2025;32(3):422–436. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15372/SEJ20250308
48. Report on the implementation of the topic «Monitoring the state of biodiversity of the Murmansk Tundra State Nature Reserve». Kandalaksha; 2024. (In Russ.).
49. Report on the implementation of research work on the topic «Comprehensive Assessment of the State of Ecosystems in the Murmansk Tundra Nature Reserve in the Period 2025-2027, Report for 2025». Kandalaksha; 2025. (In Russ.).
50. Mikhailov K.E. Avifauna of the Zonal Tundra of the Northern Part of the Kola Peninsula. Russian Ornithological Journal. 1993;2(1):7–28. (In Russ.).
51. Mikhailov K.E., Filchagov A.V. Features of the distribution and settlement of some bird species in the tundra of the Kola Peninsul. Russian Ornithological Journal. 2012;21(767):1395–1405. (In Russ.).
52. Novgorodova Т.A., Abramov S.A., Glupov V.V. An integrated method for assessing the state of biodiversity of disturbed ecosystems. Euroasian entomological Journal., 2024;23(6):297– 307. https://doi.org/10.15298/euroasentj.23.06.01
53. Research Report «In-depth analysis of the results obtained during the Great Scientific Expedition of 2022–2023, development of the methodological basis for the integral assessment of the state of ecosystems». Novosibirsk: ISEDJ SB RAS; 2024. (In Russ.).
54. Vihervaara P., Auvinen A. P., Mononen L., Törmä M., Ahlroth P., Anttila S., Virkkala R. How essential biodiversity variables and remote sensing can help national biodiversity monitoring. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2017;10:43–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2017.01.007
55. Christensen T., Barry T., Taylor J.J., Doyle M., Aronsson M., Braa J., et al. Developing a circumpolar programme for the monitoring of Arctic terrestrial biodiversity. Ambio. 2020;49(3):655–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01311-w
56. Christensen T., Payne J., Doyle M., Ibarguchi G., Taylor J., Schmidt N.M., et al. The Arctic terrestrial biodiversity monitoring plan. Akureyri: CAFF; 2013.
57. Pereira H.M., Ferrier S., Walters M., Geller G.N., Jongman R.H.G., Scholes R.J., et al. Essential Biodiversity Variables. Science. 2013;339(6117):277–278. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229931
58. Voronov A.G. Geobotany. 2nd Edition. Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola Publ.; 1973. (In Russ.).
59. Korablyov A.P., Mirin D.M. Dynamics of Plant Communities: Theory and Methodological Aspects. Vegetation of Russia. 2025;(52):3–20. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2025.52.3
60. Chernenkova T.V., Basova E.V., Bochkarev Yu.N., Puzachenko M.Yu. Assessment of Forest Biodiversity in the Zone of Influence of the Severonikel Mining and Metallurgical Smelter. Forest Science. 2009;(6):32–45. (In Russ.).
61. Lyanguzova I. V., Goldvirt D. K., Fadeeva I. K. Spatial and temporal dynamics of Al-Fe-humus podzol contamination in the area affected by a non-ferrous metallurgy smelter. Eurasian Soil Science. 2016;(10):1261–1276. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.7868/S0032180X16100105
62. Kumschick S., Gaertner M., Vilà M., Essl F., Jeschke J. M., Pyšek P., Winter M. Ecological impacts of alien species: quantification, scope, caveats, and recommendations. BioScience. 2015;65(1):55–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu193
63. Dar P.A., Reshi Z.A. Components, processes and consequences of biotic homogenization: a review. Contemporary Problems of Ecology. 2014;7(2):123–136. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425514020103
64. Lockwood J.L., Hoopes M.F., Marchetti M.P. Invasion ecology. John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
65. Hejda M., Pyšek P., Jarošík V. Impact of invasive plants on the species richness, diversity and composition of invaded communities. Journal of ecology. 2009;97(3):393–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01480.x
66. Ott W.R. Environmental indices: theory and practice. OSTI; 1978.
67. Thomas L., Buckland S.T., Rexstad E.A., Laake J.L., Strindberg S., Hedley S.L., et al. Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2010;47(1):5–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01737.x
68. Cairns J., Patil G.P., Waters W.E. (ed.). Environmental biomonitoring, assessment, prediction, and management: certain case studies and related quantitative issues. International Cooperative Publishing House; 1979. Available at: https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1971712334765968651
69. Borovichev E.A., Polikarpova N.V., Konstantinova N.A., Makarova O.A. The Red Book of the Murmansk region. Official edition. 3rd Ed. Izhevsk: Print Publ.; 2025. (In Russ.).
70. Gel’tman D.V. (ed.). The Red Book of the Russian «Federation. Plants and Fungi. Moscow: VNIIEkologiya; 2024. (In Russ.).
71. Pavlov D.S. (ed.). The Red Book of the Russian Federation. Animals. Moscow: VNIIEkologiya; 2021. (In Russ.).
72. Chernov Yu. I. Natural Zonality and Terrestrial Animal World. Moscow: Mysl Publ.; 1975. (In Russ.).
73. Chernov Yu. I., Makarov K. V., Eremin P. K. The family of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the Arctic fauna. Report 2. Zoological Journal. 2001;80(3):285–293. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044513413080114
74. Filippov B.Yu., Shuvalov E.V. Ground Beetles of the Southern Tundra of the Kanin Peninsula. Vestnik Pomorskogo Universiteta. Series: Natural and Exact Sciences. 2006;(1):99–109. (In Russ.).
75. Sharova I.Kh. Life Forms of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 1981. (In Russ.).
76. Bulokhova N.A. Ecological and Faunistic Characteristics of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Meadow Ecosystems. In: Fauna and Ecology of Ground Beetles in Meadows of Southwestern Russia. Bryansk: Bryansk State Pedagogical University; 1995, pp. 4–18. (In Russ.).
77. Anan’eva S.I., Belova E.A., Bulychev A.G., Bulycheva I.A., Zakoldaeva A.A., Zatsarinnyi I.V., et al. Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company (Nikel and Zapolyarny industrial sites): impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Ryazan: Golos Gubernii Publ.; 2012, pp. 52–59. (In Russ.).
78. Kazakova O.N. Landscape Zoning of the North-West of the USSR. In: Reports of the Scientific Session of Leningrad State University. Leningrad: Leningrad State University; 1959, pp. 3–24. (In Russ.).
79. Ramenskaya M.L. Analysis of the Flora of the Murmansk Region and Karelia. Leningrad: Nauka Publ.; 1983. (In Russ.).
Review
For citations:
Borovichev E.A., Kozhin M.N., Sukhareva T.A., Terentjev P.M., Polikarpova N.V., Tolmacheva E.L., Alfertev N.L. Unified ecosystem monitoring program for Federal-level protected areas in the Murmansk Oblast, Russia, along an industrial pollution gradient (2025–2027). Arctic and Innovations. 2026;4(2):17-39. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21443/3034-1434-2026-4-2-17-39
Views:
69
JATS XML
Email this article 